Causes and Treatment for Seizures in Dogs

Watching your dog suddenly collapse, tremble, or lose control of their body can be terrifying, but these episodes, known as seizures in dogs, occur when abnormal electrical activity disrupts normal brain function. Seizures can have many causes, including epilepsy, toxin exposure, or underlying medical conditions, and they range from mild twitching to full-body convulsions. While frightening to witness, most dogs can recover and live comfortably with proper veterinary care and ongoing management. If your pet is having seizures, contact Hershey Animal Emergency Center in Hershey, PA, at (717) 298-7883 for immediate assistance.

 

 

Understanding Seizures in Dogs

A seizure occurs when abnormal electrical signals in the brain disrupt normal function. Depending on the type and severity, seizures can look very different from one dog to another. Some may collapse and convulse, while others simply appear disoriented or unsteady. Recognizing what a seizure looks like and knowing what may trigger one can help you act quickly in an emergency situation.

Types of Seizures in Dogs

• Generalized (Grand Mal) Seizures: These seizures affect both sides of the brain and are the most common type seen in dogs. They often cause loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, paddling of the legs, and sometimes involuntary urination or drooling.
• Focal (Partial) Seizures: Focal seizures occur in a specific area of the brain and may cause twitching or jerking of one body part, such as the face or a limb. Some dogs may show unusual behavior like snapping at the air or turning their head repeatedly.
• Cluster Seizures: These involve two or more seizures within a 24-hour period. Cluster seizures are dangerous because they can quickly progress to a life-threatening state and require immediate veterinary care.
• Status Epilepticus: This is a prolonged seizure lasting more than five minutes or a series of seizures without recovery between them. It is a medical emergency that needs prompt intervention to prevent brain damage or death.

Common Causes of Seizures in Dogs

Seizures in dogs can have many different causes. Identifying the underlying issue is essential for effective management.

Idiopathic Epilepsy

Idiopathic epilepsy is one of the most common causes of seizures in dogs. It’s believed to have a genetic basis and usually appears in otherwise healthy dogs between six months and six years old. While the exact cause is unknown, the condition is typically managed with medication once diagnosed.

Toxins and Poisoning

Exposure to household toxins such as chocolate, xylitol, pesticides, or certain human medications can trigger seizures in dogs. Even small amounts of these substances can cause significant harm, so it’s important to seek veterinary care immediately if exposure is suspected.

Metabolic or Organ Disorders

Issues like liver disease, kidney failure, electrolyte imbalances, or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can all disrupt normal brain activity and lead to seizures. These causes are especially common in older dogs or those with other underlying health problems.

Brain Tumors or Head Trauma

Brain tumors and head injuries can alter brain function, leading to recurrent seizures. Tumors are more commonly seen in older dogs, while younger dogs may experience seizures following trauma or accidents.

Infections and Inflammation

Inflammatory diseases such as encephalitis or meningitis can cause swelling in the brain and trigger seizures. These conditions often require advanced diagnostic testing and aggressive treatment from a veterinary specialist.

Diagnosing Seizures in Dogs

Diagnosing the cause of seizures in dogs begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination. Since many conditions can cause similar symptoms, your veterinarian will often recommend several diagnostic tests to narrow down the possibilities.

Diagnostic Tests May Include:

• Bloodwork and Urinalysis: To detect metabolic or organ-related causes.
• Neurological Exam: To evaluate coordination, reflexes, and other brain functions.
• Imaging (MRI or CT scan): To identify structural problems such as tumors or inflammation.
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis: To check for infection or inflammation in the brain or spinal cord.

By identifying the underlying cause, your veterinarian can create a treatment plan tailored to your dog’s specific condition.

Addressing Seizures in Dogs

Treatment for seizures in dogs depends on the cause, frequency, and severity. The goal is to reduce the number of seizures and improve your dog’s quality of life.

Anti-Seizure Medications

Dogs with recurring seizures may be prescribed long-term anti-seizure medications. Common options include phenobarbital, potassium bromide, levetiracetam (Keppra), or zonisamide. These medications help regulate brain activity and reduce seizure frequency. Your veterinarian will closely monitor blood levels to ensure safe and effective dosing.

Treating the Underlying Cause

If the seizures result from an underlying condition such as liver disease, infection, or toxin exposure, treatment will focus on resolving that issue. Managing the root cause can often stop seizures from recurring.

Emergency Veterinary Care

If your dog experiences a seizure lasting longer than five minutes, or multiple seizures in a short period, seek emergency veterinary care immediately. At Hershey Animal Emergency Center, our team is equipped to provide urgent stabilization and supportive care for dogs experiencing active seizures. Call (717) 298-7883 right away if you suspect an emergency.

Living with a Dog That Has Seizures

While the thought of ongoing seizures can be overwhelming, many dogs live happy lives with proper management and monitoring.

Medication Management and Monitoring

Regular checkups and lab testing are essential to ensure medication levels remain safe and effective. Missing doses or stopping medication abruptly can cause severe rebound seizures, so it’s important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions closely.

Tracking Seizure Activity

Keeping a seizure log can help your veterinarian assess patterns or triggers. Record the date, duration, and type of seizure, along with any unusual behavior before or after the episode.

Safety During a Seizure

During a seizure, move your dog away from furniture, stairs, or sharp objects to prevent injury. Avoid touching their mouth or head, as dogs can unintentionally bite during a seizure. Once the seizure ends, keep your dog calm and contact your veterinarian for next steps.

When Should You Seek Immediate Veterinary Help?

Certain situations require emergency care without delay. Call Hershey Animal Emergency Center at (717) 298-7883 if:

• A seizure lasts longer than five minutes.
• Multiple seizures occur within a 24-hour period.
• Your dog doesn’t fully recover between seizures.
• Seizures begin suddenly in an older dog.
• Your dog ingested a potential toxin before seizing.

Prompt treatment can make a significant difference in preventing complications and stabilizing your dog’s condition.

Your Partner in Long-Term Seizure Management

Living with a dog that experiences seizures requires patience, compassion, and partnership with your veterinary team. Maintaining regular checkups, monitoring for medication side effects, and addressing health changes early are key to your dog’s long-term wellbeing. At Hershey Animal Emergency Center, we’re here to help you every step of the way. If your dog is experiencing seizures or showing unusual neurological symptoms, call us at (717) 298-7883 right away.